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	<title>Comments on: Way out there: Pre-Earthian New York City (Geologic City Report #1)</title>
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	<link>http://fopnews.wordpress.com/2010/08/30/way-out-there-pre-earthian-new-york-city-geologic-city-report-1/</link>
	<description>FOP: where the human and geologic converge.</description>
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		<title>By: mthew</title>
		<link>http://fopnews.wordpress.com/2010/08/30/way-out-there-pre-earthian-new-york-city-geologic-city-report-1/#comment-340</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[mthew]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 22 Jan 2011 02:16:38 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://fopnews.wordpress.com/?p=1111#comment-340</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[I love this project. May I add a few notes? 1) No visit to the far north of Manhattan should be complete without a mention of Inwood marble. This is the third major type of Manhattan rock.  Most of it is buried, but there&#039;s a small outcropping just outside of Inwood Hill Park itself.  The marble is a good example of how geology can influence topography. It&#039;s what is under the Harlem Plain, and, easily eroded and weathered, makes good soil -- see the Manahatta Project for info on that.   And, of course, marble is metamorphosed limestone, which was originally little sea creatures. 

2) The Panther Gates at 3rd St., like all the statuary that rings the park, is post Olmsted/Vaux and over their dead bodies, as it were. They didn&#039;t want anything like that in or around their rustic-in-urban park.  A nice illustration of how fashion changes; the late 19th C fad for memorials, many for the Civil War, came about a generation after the war, when many of the veterans were on their last legs.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I love this project. May I add a few notes? 1) No visit to the far north of Manhattan should be complete without a mention of Inwood marble. This is the third major type of Manhattan rock.  Most of it is buried, but there&#8217;s a small outcropping just outside of Inwood Hill Park itself.  The marble is a good example of how geology can influence topography. It&#8217;s what is under the Harlem Plain, and, easily eroded and weathered, makes good soil &#8212; see the Manahatta Project for info on that.   And, of course, marble is metamorphosed limestone, which was originally little sea creatures. </p>
<p>2) The Panther Gates at 3rd St., like all the statuary that rings the park, is post Olmsted/Vaux and over their dead bodies, as it were. They didn&#8217;t want anything like that in or around their rustic-in-urban park.  A nice illustration of how fashion changes; the late 19th C fad for memorials, many for the Civil War, came about a generation after the war, when many of the veterans were on their last legs.</p>
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		<title>By: Studies of New York City&#8217;s contemporary geology &#171; Freshkills Park Blog</title>
		<link>http://fopnews.wordpress.com/2010/08/30/way-out-there-pre-earthian-new-york-city-geologic-city-report-1/#comment-317</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Studies of New York City&#8217;s contemporary geology &#171; Freshkills Park Blog]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 05 Jan 2011 20:13:16 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://fopnews.wordpress.com/?p=1111#comment-317</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[[...] in the context of of vast timescales. Nine entries have been produced thusfar, including reports on the use of trisassic sandstone in Park slope brownstones, the materiality of the Federal Reserve Bank and its precious holdings, [...]]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] in the context of of vast timescales. Nine entries have been produced thusfar, including reports on the use of trisassic sandstone in Park slope brownstones, the materiality of the Federal Reserve Bank and its precious holdings, [...]</p>
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		<title>By: Urban Omnibus &#187; Geologic City</title>
		<link>http://fopnews.wordpress.com/2010/08/30/way-out-there-pre-earthian-new-york-city-geologic-city-report-1/#comment-296</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Urban Omnibus &#187; Geologic City]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 22 Dec 2010 17:51:53 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://fopnews.wordpress.com/?p=1111#comment-296</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[[...] Full Geologic City field reports can be read on the Friends of the Pleistocene blog: Introduction 1. Pre-Earthian New York City: Inwood Hill and Fort Tryon Park 2. Forces Beyond Time: Shinran Statue  3. Staten Island&#8217;s Tainted Edge: 2377-2387 Richmond [...]]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] Full Geologic City field reports can be read on the Friends of the Pleistocene blog: Introduction 1. Pre-Earthian New York City: Inwood Hill and Fort Tryon Park 2. Forces Beyond Time: Shinran Statue  3. Staten Island&#8217;s Tainted Edge: 2377-2387 Richmond [...]</p>
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		<title>By: Urban Infrastructure as Geologic Material in Motion (Geologic City Report #8) &#171; Friends of the Pleistocene</title>
		<link>http://fopnews.wordpress.com/2010/08/30/way-out-there-pre-earthian-new-york-city-geologic-city-report-1/#comment-237</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Urban Infrastructure as Geologic Material in Motion (Geologic City Report #8) &#171; Friends of the Pleistocene]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 30 Nov 2010 14:28:40 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://fopnews.wordpress.com/?p=1111#comment-237</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[[...] Way out there: Pre-Earthian New York City (Geologic City Report&#160;#1) [...]]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] Way out there: Pre-Earthian New York City (Geologic City Report&nbsp;#1) [...]</p>
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		<title>By: Staten Island&#8217;s tainted edge (Geologic City report #3) &#171; Friends of the Pleistocene</title>
		<link>http://fopnews.wordpress.com/2010/08/30/way-out-there-pre-earthian-new-york-city-geologic-city-report-1/#comment-165</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Staten Island&#8217;s tainted edge (Geologic City report #3) &#171; Friends of the Pleistocene]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 18 Sep 2010 00:44:41 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://fopnews.wordpress.com/?p=1111#comment-165</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[[...] Way out there: Pre-Earthian New York City (Geologic City Report&#160;#1) [...]]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] Way out there: Pre-Earthian New York City (Geologic City Report&nbsp;#1) [...]</p>
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		<title>By: Forces beyond Time (Geologic City Report #2) &#171; Friends of the Pleistocene</title>
		<link>http://fopnews.wordpress.com/2010/08/30/way-out-there-pre-earthian-new-york-city-geologic-city-report-1/#comment-156</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Forces beyond Time (Geologic City Report #2) &#171; Friends of the Pleistocene]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 05 Sep 2010 17:42:07 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://fopnews.wordpress.com/?p=1111#comment-156</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[[...] Way out there: Pre-Earthian New York City (Geologic City Report&#160;#1) [...]]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] Way out there: Pre-Earthian New York City (Geologic City Report&nbsp;#1) [...]</p>
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		<title>By: Callan Bentley</title>
		<link>http://fopnews.wordpress.com/2010/08/30/way-out-there-pre-earthian-new-york-city-geologic-city-report-1/#comment-151</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Callan Bentley]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 31 Aug 2010 11:01:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://fopnews.wordpress.com/?p=1111#comment-151</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[I love what the FOP team is doing with this site. This is a great report on NYC&#039;s geology. However, there are a couple of corrections I would make to the narrative here, from the perspective of a nit-picky east coast geologist :) --

You said &quot;Manhattan schist, part of the solid bedrock support responsible for making skyscrapers possible on Manhattan, formed about 450 million years ago.  Back then, it was part of the super continent Pangea. The schist is the second oldest component of New York City’s bedrock, after Fordham Gneiss.  The schist became part of Manhattan island during continental collision between the floor of the Atlantic Ocean and the East Coast of North America.&quot; 

There are several errors in this paragraph. Here are my tweaks:
The Manhattan schist was metamorphosed 450 million years ago, but metamorphic rock comes from other rock, so the original rock is older than 450 Ma, though we can&#039;t say how much older. The process of subduction that closed the predecessor to the Atlantic Ocean (and made Pangea) began around 450 Ma with a series of smaller scale collisions, but Pangea itself didn&#039;t form until about 300 Ma. If you want the gory details, it goes something like this:
OLDEST Taconian Orogeny ~450 Ma (caused by collision of North America with a chain of volcanic islands, like modern day Indonesia)
MIDDLE Acadian Orogeny ~360 Ma (caused by collision of North America with a micro-continent, like modern-day Madagascar)
MOST RECENT Alleghanian Orogeny ~300 Ma to ~250 Ma (caused by collision of North America with Africa, the leading edge of the southern supercontinent Gondwana)

The name of the ocean basin that closed, bringing these disparate crustal fragments together was not Atlantic but &quot;Iapetus.&quot; (Check the relationship of Iapetus to Atlas in Greek mythology for a neat tie-in.) When the Iapetus died, Pangea was born. When Pangea died (rifted and broke up), only then was the Atlantic born. The oldest oceanic crust in the Atlantic is ~200 Ma (same age as your brownstones), and that&#039;s less than half the age of the metamorphic bedrock of Manhattan.

Another quibble is with your presentation that &quot;Geologist [sic] call the first epoch of Earth’s history the “Precambrian.”&quot; This is not true. Epochs are subdivisions of periods, and periods are subdivisions of eras, which are subdivisions of eons. Informally, the term &quot;Precambrian&quot; is used to refer to all chunks of time prior to the Cambrian period, but it is neither an official term, nor an &quot;epoch&quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=89355792&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;nor an &quot;era&quot;&lt;/a&gt;).

I offer these comments up in hopes of enriching your future explorations of geology. I&#039;m looking forward to reading more of your adventures and explications!]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I love what the FOP team is doing with this site. This is a great report on NYC&#8217;s geology. However, there are a couple of corrections I would make to the narrative here, from the perspective of a nit-picky east coast geologist :) &#8211;</p>
<p>You said &#8220;Manhattan schist, part of the solid bedrock support responsible for making skyscrapers possible on Manhattan, formed about 450 million years ago.  Back then, it was part of the super continent Pangea. The schist is the second oldest component of New York City’s bedrock, after Fordham Gneiss.  The schist became part of Manhattan island during continental collision between the floor of the Atlantic Ocean and the East Coast of North America.&#8221; </p>
<p>There are several errors in this paragraph. Here are my tweaks:<br />
The Manhattan schist was metamorphosed 450 million years ago, but metamorphic rock comes from other rock, so the original rock is older than 450 Ma, though we can&#8217;t say how much older. The process of subduction that closed the predecessor to the Atlantic Ocean (and made Pangea) began around 450 Ma with a series of smaller scale collisions, but Pangea itself didn&#8217;t form until about 300 Ma. If you want the gory details, it goes something like this:<br />
OLDEST Taconian Orogeny ~450 Ma (caused by collision of North America with a chain of volcanic islands, like modern day Indonesia)<br />
MIDDLE Acadian Orogeny ~360 Ma (caused by collision of North America with a micro-continent, like modern-day Madagascar)<br />
MOST RECENT Alleghanian Orogeny ~300 Ma to ~250 Ma (caused by collision of North America with Africa, the leading edge of the southern supercontinent Gondwana)</p>
<p>The name of the ocean basin that closed, bringing these disparate crustal fragments together was not Atlantic but &#8220;Iapetus.&#8221; (Check the relationship of Iapetus to Atlas in Greek mythology for a neat tie-in.) When the Iapetus died, Pangea was born. When Pangea died (rifted and broke up), only then was the Atlantic born. The oldest oceanic crust in the Atlantic is ~200 Ma (same age as your brownstones), and that&#8217;s less than half the age of the metamorphic bedrock of Manhattan.</p>
<p>Another quibble is with your presentation that &#8220;Geologist [sic] call the first epoch of Earth’s history the “Precambrian.”&#8221; This is not true. Epochs are subdivisions of periods, and periods are subdivisions of eras, which are subdivisions of eons. Informally, the term &#8220;Precambrian&#8221; is used to refer to all chunks of time prior to the Cambrian period, but it is neither an official term, nor an &#8220;epoch&#8221; (<a href="http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=89355792" rel="nofollow">nor an &#8220;era&#8221;</a>).</p>
<p>I offer these comments up in hopes of enriching your future explorations of geology. I&#8217;m looking forward to reading more of your adventures and explications!</p>
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		<title>By: Roy C. Wolf</title>
		<link>http://fopnews.wordpress.com/2010/08/30/way-out-there-pre-earthian-new-york-city-geologic-city-report-1/#comment-150</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Roy C. Wolf]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 31 Aug 2010 08:15:40 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[Very interesting...however, I enjoy our glacial material covering the Paleozoic bedrock here in NWILLINOIS&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;regards from glacier boy:)]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Very interesting&#8230;however, I enjoy our glacial material covering the Paleozoic bedrock here in NWILLINOIS&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;regards from glacier boy:)</p>
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